The Future of Education

This study investigated ChatGPT’s impact on learning efficiency, academic performance, and academic self-concept among 563 undergraduates from Chinese Traditional (10.8%), Wenzhou Kean (63.9%), and Kean Universities (25.2%). Using a descriptive-correlational design and convenience/snowball sampling, survey data were collected and analyzed. Results revealed a strong positive correlation between learning efficiency and academic performance, with ChatGPT’s real-time feedback enhancing engagement and critical thinking. Personalized tutoring with adaptive pacing was linked to reduced anxiety and increased self-efficacy. A moderate correlation was also observed between academic performance and academic self-concept, with ChatGPT indirectly reinforcing students’ motivation, participation, and perceived competence, particularly in effort-focused environments. However, the study acknowledges key limitations. The correlational design cannot establish causality, and improvements may stem from confounding variables such as prior motivation or parental support/influence. Overreliance on AI tools may hinder the development of foundational skills, while ethical concerns and misinformation risks remain significant. The sample’s technological advantage and cultural context also limit generalizability. To maximize benefits while mitigating risks, the study recommends integrating AI tools like ChatGPT into course design with structured critical thinking tasks and ethical guidelines. Institutions should support effort-based grading, encourage culturally enriching parental involvement, and expand research to under-resourced educational contexts. These measures can help align AI tool use with holistic academic and psychological development.